Install Server 2012R2 vm

DHCP lab

Lab STATIC ROUTING AND DYNAMIC ROUTING

As we know that the routing is a process of creating a route for the data packets and It occurs in the network layer of the OSI Model. There are two types of routing: Static Routing and Dynamic Routing. Where static routing does not use any routing protocol, on the other hand, the dynamic routing uses the routing protocol such as rip, igrp, eigrp, ospf, is-is, etc. Here in this post, we are going to learn the differences between static routing and dynamic routing and what are the advantages and disadvantages of static and dynamic routing.

What is static routing?

Static Route is the route that the network administrator manually enters into the routing table. It is a one-way communication and here we do not use any routing protocol.

How static routing works:

Let’s take an example, there are 5 routers connected to each other and you want to send data from router 1 to router 3 and the default route you have created in such a way that. Router 1 will forward the data to router 2 and the router 2 will forward this information to the router 3.

Just imagine a situation, due to some reason if the router 2 fails, the router 1 cannot decide the alternate route for the data packets. In this scenario, the network administrator has to manually configure the alternate route. So that, the data will reach to the correct destination.

Advantages of Static Routing:

• The route is permanent.
• It is more secure than dynamic routing.
• Best suitable for a small network.

Disadvantages of Static Routing:

• Not suitable for a large network.
• If the link gets fail, it will affect the entire network.
• The Router cannot decide the alternate route for the data packets.

What is Dynamic Routing?

The Dynamic Routing uses the routing protocol for creating a route for the data packets. Here, the router automatically collects and store dynamic route in the routing table.

How Dynamic Routing works:

Let’s take an example, there are 5 routers connected to each other. Here, the administrator is not going to create the route for the data packets. Instead of this, the administrator will assign a routing protocol to this router and this routing protocol will automatically decide the best route for the data packets.

In this scenario, if any of this router or link get fails, the routing protocol is so smart that it can automatically choose the alternate route for the data packets immediately and like this it minimizes the work pressure of the network administrator and the users need to wait for the long time for the link to go up.

Advantages of Dynamic Routing:

• Best suitable for large networks.
• If the link or the router get fails, it is not going to affect the entire network.
• Routing protocols are smart to choose an alternate route for the data packets if any of the links get fails.
• Here, the user need not to wait for a long time if the link gets fails. Because the routing protocol immediately chooses an alternate route.

Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing:

• It is less secure as compared to static routing.
• The route is not permanent here, it keeps changes. So, the network administrator has to check regularly from where the traffic flows.

Note: Every router has a routing table based on which the data packets are forwarded to the destination.

Difference between Static Routing and Dynamic Routing

STATIC ROUTING	DYNAMIC ROUTING
It does not use a routing protocol.	It uses a routing protocol.
The administrator enters the route in the routing table manually.	Routing protocol decides the route for the data packets and makes an entry to the routing table automatically.
Suitable for a small network.	Suitable for a large network.
Link failure affects the network.	Link failure does not affect the network.
Security is high.	Security is less.
The route is permanent.	The route keeps changes according to the changes in the network.

So, this is the differences between Static and Dynamic Routing. Hope, the concept is clear. Here, is a short video on how this routing protocol works.

Static Routing vs Dynamic Routing

How to Configure and Enable Quota on Shared Folder Using FSRM in Windows Server 2016

In this step by step video guide i will show you How to Configure and Enable Quota on Shared Folder Using File Server Resource Manager in Windows Server 2016. 1) Install File Server Resource Manager server role 2) Create shared folder 3) Apply FSRM quota on Shared folder 4) Test the result

How to Create Firewall Rules in the Windows Firewall

A firewall is a system that is designed to prevent unauthorized access from entering a private network by filtering the information that comes in from the internet. A firewall blocks unwanted traffic and permits wanted traffic.

These firewall rules protects against inbound and outbound intrusions. An inbound firewall rule protects against incoming traffic from the Internet or other network segments. An outbound firewall protects against outgoing traffic originating from a suspicious application. Open the Windows firewall by clicking on the Start Button ~ type "Windows firewall with advanced security" and click the application. Let's create an inbound and outbound rule to block the Chrome browser program from sending or receiving network traffic on your computer. First, select Inbound Rules, right click and and select "New Rule ...". In our example, we want to block the Chrome program, so we select Program and click Next. Locate the Chrome application from the dialog box and click Next. Since we want to Block the connection, we select the "Block Connection" option and click Next. If you want this rule to be applied only when you are using a Public connection like a Public Wifi, select Public and disable Private. For the sake of our example, I will keep all the options checked. Click Next. Name the Rule and click Finish. Now let's create an Outbound Rule. The steps are similar. Undoing the rules is simple, simply select the rule and click disable. Now that we have our rules in place, let's test it ... Open Chrome and go to any website. As you can see, the connection has been blocked (use Pen). Now let's undo the rules and try again, and as you can see, Chrome is now able to connect back to the Internet

Configuring Windows Firewall

Subnet

https://www.expertnetworkconsultant.com/tag/ccna-subnetting-questions-and-answers-pdf/

What Is Subnetting?

Subnetting is the process of stealing bits from the HOST part of an IP address in order to divide the larger network into smaller sub-networks called subnets. After subnetting, we end up with NETWORK SUBNET HOST fields. We always reserve an IP address to identify the subnet and another one to identify the broadcast address within the subnet. In the following sections you will find out how all this is possible.

Why Use Subnetting?

Conservation of IP addresses: Imagine having a network of 20 hosts. Using a Class C network will waste a lot of IP addresses (254-20=234). Breaking up large networks into smaller parts would be more efficient and would conserve a great amount of addresses.

Reduced network traffic: The smaller networks created the smaller broadcast domains are formed hence less broadcast traffic on network boundaries.

Simplification: Breaking large networks into smaller ones could simplify fault troubleshooting by isolating network problems down to their specific existence.

The Subnetting Concept

You will be surprised how easy the concept of Subnetting really is. Imagine a network with a total of 256 addresses (a Class C network). One of these addresses is used to identify the network address and another one is used to identify the broadcast address on the network. Therefore, we are left with 254 addresses available for addressing hosts.

If we take all these addresses and divide them equally into 8 different subnets we still keep the total number of original addresses, but we have now split them into 8 subnets with 32 addresses in each. Each new subnet needs to dedicate 2 addresses for the subnet and broadcast address within the subnet.

The result is that we eventually come up with 8 subnets, each one possessing 30 addresses available for hosts. You can see that the total amount of addressable hosts is reduced (240 instead of 254) but better management of addressing space is gained. I’ll now use a couple of examples to help explain the process of subnetting as clearly as possible.

Subnetting a Class C Address Using the Binary Method

We will use a Class C address which takes 5 bits from the Host field for subnetting and leaves 3 bits for defining hosts as shown in figure 1 below. Having 5 bits available for defining subnets means that we can have up to 32 (2^5) different subnets.

It should be noted that in the past using subnet zero (00000—) and all-ones subnet (11111—) was not allowed. This is not true nowadays. Since Cisco IOS Software Release 12.0 the entire address space including all possible subnets is explicitly allowed.

Let’s use IP address 192.168.10.44 with subnet mask 255.255.255.248or /29.

STEP 1: Convert to Binary

STEP 2: Calculate the Subnet Address

To calculate the Subnets IP Address you need to perform a bit-wise AND operation (1+1=1, 1+0 or 0+1 =0, 0+0=0) on the host IP address and subnet mask. The result is the subnet address in which the host is situated.

STEP 3: Find Host Range

We know already that for subnetting this Class C address we have borrowed 5 bits from the Host field. These 5 bits are used to identify the subnets. The remaining 3 bits are used for defining hosts within a particular subnet.

The Subnet address is identified by all 0 bits in the Host part of the address. The first host within the subnet is identified by all 0s and a 1. The last host is identified by all 1s and a 0. The broadcast address is the all 1s. Now, we move to the next subnet and the process is repeated the same way. The following diagram clearly illustrates this process:

STEP 4: Calculate the Total Number of Subnets and Hosts Per Subnet

Knowing the number of Subnet and Host bits we can now calculate the total number of possible subnets and the total number of hosts per subnet. We assume in our calculations that all-zeros and all-ones subnets can be used. The following diagram illustrated the calculation steps.

Subnetting a Class C Address Using the Fast Way

Now let’s see how we can subnet the same Class C address using a faster method. Let’s again use the IP address 192.168.10.44 with subnet mask 255.255.255.248 (/29). The steps to perform this task are the following:

1. Total number of subnets: Using the subnet mask 255.255.255.248, number value 248 (11111000) indicates that 5 bits are used to identify the subnet. To find the total number of subnets available simply raise 2 to the power of 5 (2^5) and you will find that the result is 32 subnets.

Note that if subnet all-zeros is not used then we are left with 31 subnets and if also all-ones subnet is not used then we finally have 30 subnets.

2. Hosts per subnet: 3 bits are left to identify the host therefore the total number of hosts per subnet is 2 to the power of 3 minus 2 (1 address for subnet address and another one for the broadcast address)(2^3-2) which equals to 6 hosts per subnet.

3. Subnets, hosts and broadcast addresses per subnet: To find the valid subnets for this specific subnet mask you have to subtract 248 from the value 256 (256-248=8) which is the first available subnet address.

Actually the first available one is the subnet-zero which we explicitly note. Next subnet address is 8+8=16, next one is 16+8=24 and this goes on until we reach value 248. The following table provides all the calculated information.

Note that our IP address (192.168.10.44) lies in subnet 192.168.10.40.

5. Create a basic network and share file and folders.

On Windows 10, you can share files on your computer with other users over the network, and despite this might seem complicated, it’s actually a simple task when using the tools the operating system provides.

Depending on your network environment and what you’re trying to accomplish there are at least four ways to set up file sharing on Windows 10. You can use Public folder, which is a special setup that allows to share files over the local network without configuring permissions.

Or you can share content using the File Sharing feature on Windows 10. And if you’re looking to share files with other people across the internet, you can use file sharing with OneDrive. 

In previous versions, you’re also able to use Homegroup, which unlike Public folder, this option automatically shares your Windows 10 libraries folders (Pictures, Videos, Music, Documents), Printers, and other devices connected to your device, but it’s no longer a feature on Windows 10.

In this guide, you’ll learn the steps to share files over the network using File Sharing, and OneDrive on Windows 10. (Although Homegroup is no longer available in the latest version of Windows 10, but the steps to use the feature will continue, as it’s still a feature in older releases.)

• How to share files using File Explorer
• How to share files over the network without needing a password
• How to share files using Homegroup (deprecated)
• 
  

How to share files using File Explorer

Using the built-in File Sharing feature on Windows 10 is the best method you can use to share files in a local network, as it’s more flexible. You can use more restrictive permissions, and you can share files with virtually any device, including Mac, Android, and Linux devices.

There are two ways to share files using File Explorer: you can use the basic settings, which allows you to quickly share files on the network with minimal configuration, or you can use the advanced settings to set custom permissions and set other advanced options.

Sharing files using basic settings

To share files on your local network using the express settings, use these steps:

1. Open File Explorer on Windows 10.
2. Navigate to the folder you want to share.
3. Right-click the item, and select the Properties option.

   

   Folder Properties option

4. Click on the Sharing tab.
5. Click the Share button.

   

   Folder Sharing tab

6. Use the drop-down menu to select the user or group to share file or folder. (For the purpose of this guide, select the Everyone group.)
7. Click the Add button.

   

   Choose people to share with

8. Under the “Permission Level” section, select the type of sharing permissions you want the folder to have. For example, you can select Read (default) if you only want users to be able to view and open files. If you select Read/Write, users can view, open, modify, and delete the content on the folder you’re sharing.
9. Click the Share button.

   

   Share permission level

10. Note the network path for the folder that other users will need to access the content over the network and click the Done button.
11. Click the Close button.

    

    Shared folder path

Sharing files using advanced settings

To share files on your local network using the advanced sharing settings, use these steps:

1. Open File Explorer.
2. Navigate to the folder you want to share.
3. Right-click the item, and select the Properties option.

   

   Folder Properties option

4. Click on the Sharing tab.
5. Click the Advanced Sharing button.

   

   Folder Sharing tab, Advanced Sharing

6. Check the Share this folder option.
7. Windows 10, by default, allows other users read-only access to the content you’re sharing, which means that they can only view files, but they cannot do anything else. If you want users to be able to edit the files, delete, and create new documents in the location, you’ll need to click the Permissions button.

   

   Advanced Sharing options

8. On the Permissions window, you’ll notice the Everyone group is the default option highlighted. In the section below, you can customize the permissions for a specific user or group. If you want users to be able to open, edit, delete, and create files, then make sure to check the Read and Change permissions under Allow.
9. Click the Apply button.
10. Click the OK button.

    

    Share Permissions options

11. Click the OK button again.

Sharing files with a specific user

If you only want to share files with only one specific user, you can follow the same steps, but on step 8, use these instructions:

1. Select the Everyone group and click the Remove button.
2. Click the Add button.

   

   Add or remove users and groups

3. Type the name of the user you want to share the files with.
4. Click the Check Name button.
5. Click the OK button.

   

   Select users and groups to share with

6. Select the user account, and you’ll notice that the “Read” permission is checked by default. If you want the user to be able to edit, delete, and create new files, make sure to also check the Change permission option.
7. Click the Apply button.
8. Click the OK button.

   

   Share permissions for specific user

Once you complete the steps, the shared content should be available when browsing the remote computer on File Explorer > Network.

How to share files over the network without needing a password

On Windows 10, any file you share is by default secured with a username and password. This means only people who have an account and password on the computer doing the sharing can access shared files.

If you’re setting up file sharing on a local network for your family members, or people you know, it’s possible to disable the requirement to sign-in with Windows credentials to allow users to access files on the sharing computer without the need of a password.

To disable password protections for file sharing on Windows 10, use these steps:

1. Open Control Panel.
2. Click on Network and Internet.
3. Click on Network and Sharing Center.
4. On the left pane, click the Change advanced sharing settings link.

   

   Change advanced sharing settings

5. Expand the All Networks tab.
6. Under the “Password protected sharing” section, select the Turn off password protected sharing option.
7. Click the Save changes button.

   

   Password protections sharing

   After you complete the steps, users should be able to access the shared folder without the need of a password.

How to share files using Homegroup (deprecated)

Microsoft created Homegroup to be an easy to use method for non-technical users to securely share files between computers running Windows 7 and later versions of the operating system connected to the same local network.

Typically, home users are the ones who will use Homegroup, as it offers a very easy and convenient way to share files, but this method has limited options. For example, you can share your libraries (Pictures, Videos, Music, Documents), folders, Printers and other devices connected to your PC. However, you cannot share files with versions of Windows older than Windows 7, or other devices running a different operating system, such as Android and iOS.

Important: Starting with version 1803 and later, Windows 10 no longer include support for Homegroup, but you can still use the feature in older versions of the operating system.

Creating a Homegroup

To create a Homegroup on your local network, use these steps:

1. Open Control Panel.
2. Click on Network and Internet.
3. Click on Homegroup.
4. Click the Create a homegroup button.

   

   Create Homegroup on Windows 10

5. Click the Next button.
6. Use the drop-down menu to select which folders and resources (Pictures, Videos, Music, Documents, Printer & Devices) you want to share. If you don’t want to share an item, make sure to select the Not Shared option.
7. Click the Next button.

   

   Share libraries with Homegroup

8. Make sure to note the Homegroup password as you’ll need it to join other computers, and click Finish to complete the task.

   

   Homegroup password

Once you complete the task, the Homegroup settings page will be updated displaying the libraries you’re currently sharing and additional options, including the ability to leave the Homegroup and change the resources you’re sharing.

Joining a Homegroup

Use these steps to join another computer to the Homegroup to access the files you’re sharing on your device:

1. Open Control Panel.
2. Click on Network and Internet.
3. Click on the Choose homegroup and sharing options link.

   

   Control Panel Network and Internet

4. Click the Join now button.

   

   Join a PC to a Homegroup

5. Continue with the on-screen directions to complete the setup.

If you don’t see the Join now button, click the Start the Homegroup troubleshooter option, which will force a rescan of the network and make the option available.

Sharing files on a Homegroup

Use these steps to start sharing files using Homegroup:

Once you have a Homegroup created, your PC is already sharing those files and folders within the libraries you shared during the setup process. However, if you want to share files on a different location with users connected to the Homegroup, then do the following:

1. Open File Explorer.
2. Navigate to the content you want to share.
3. Right-click the folder you want to share and select the Give access to option.
4. In the submenu, you’ll see a number of sharing options, including Homegroup (view) and Homegroup (view and edit).
   If you only want users to have read permissions to your files, then select the Homegroup (view) option.
   If you want users to have read and write permissions, which also allows them to delete and create files and folder, then select the Homegroup (view and edit) option.

   

   Share additional folders on a Homegroup

In the case, you want to stop sharing a folder you previously shared, right-click the folder, select the Give access to option, and this time click the Remove access option.

Once you complete the steps, the shared content should be available when browsing the remote computer on File Explorer > Homegroup.